Before contact with the outside world, particularly with Europeans, Africans predominately lived in distinct ethnic and linguistic groups. The Niger-Congo language family is the largest group of Africa (and probably of the world) in terms of the number of languages. Niger-Congo language family dominates with the Bantu language group being the largest and most extensive subfamily. The Akan of Ghana found themselves in internal conflict more times than they fought with other ethnic groups. Julius Nyerere of Tanzania and Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia attempted to promote one language as part of their nation-building projects. At the same time, they also state that multilingualism appears to have helped Africans to gain a wider cultural understanding and enhanced them culturally to acquire forbearing and affable personalities. Northeast Bantu Map showing the distribution of Bantu vs. other African languages. Linguists from Ethiopia – for example, Leyew3 – accorded the second explanation as the rationale for their attempt at nation-building. First, it is used to discredit multilingual policies that would include indigenous languages. This collection examines sub-Saharan African deaf people's perpectives on citizenship, politics, and difference in relation to SSSL practices"-- This page is about the various possible words that rhymes or sounds like sub-saharan africa . It is not uncommon to hear a “Ghanaian, Nigerian, Ugandan, Sierra Leonian, Cameroonian, or Togolese refer to somebody as ‘my brother’ simply because they share the same language and ethnic group background”.9 Sameness of language and ethnicity serves as a basis in defining bonds of acceptance and togetherness, identity, separateness, solidarity, and brotherhood and kinship. The earliest modern humans inhabiting Portugal are believed to have been Paleolithic peoples that may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Basically, Spanish is a lovely and perfectly phonetic language. Sub-Saharan Africa has significantly reduced its coverage gap for mobile broadband over the past several years, but it still remains the region with the largest coverage gap, a new report by GSMA . Answer (1 of 17): Above is the Meroitic writing from Sudan, which use was certified in -170 B.C. Rather than being a costly obstacle to development, nation-building, national unity, political integration and social cohesion, Buzási argues that multilingualism is “considered to be an asset”.6 The premise in the second school of thought rests on the point that every language in a multilingual society has the right to exist and to be given an “equal opportunity to develop legal and other technological limbs to flourish”.7 As a relatively new approach, some scholars suggest that people must be careful in interpreting linguistic diversity as a completely harmful societal condition that must be eliminated. World Regional Geography by Finlayson provides a concise and accessible introduction to the major concepts in Geography through an exploration of the world's regions. 1. In the region, central government-authored policies often do not reflect the reality of language-use needs and practices of the majority of the populous within that particular state, who either do not have the official language of their own vernacular or possess only modest competence in those languages that are deemed official. Choose all that apply. 37 Toward a Trilingual Education System" •..•. Evaluating interventions to prevent such delays requires developmental assessment tools appropriate for Sub-Saharan Africa. 10 reasons why you should Learn and speak Spanish. The purpose of this review was to examine the literature on health workforce, surveillance, and health governance issues for health systems This further implies that most African ethnolinguistic groups do not have their own nation-state. Please allow a few minutes for this process to complete. Tags: Question 9 . Latin is the origin of some European languages e.g. Each language effectively constituted a binding force that linked families, lineage, clans and the entire ethnic group. The myth of multilingualism as threatening to social coherence is used as political propaganda in post-colonies for two reasons. Such an official monolingualism policy fosters language attitudes that target the eradication of multilingualism for all official purposes, including in formal education, in emergent post-colonial nation-states. Recently the Angolan government piloted a new language policy that will introduce six African languages as media of instruction into the school system from first through third grade. This book provides a comprehensive overview of current research in African languages, drawing on insights from anthropological linguistics, typology, historical and comparative linguistics, and sociolinguistics. That includes a large amount of countries and they would each have their own official . Some ethnic groups were associated with significant discriminatory, prejudicial and stereotypical images, and people discouraged members of their ethnic grouping from interacting with such stereotypes. The answer is: There is no dominant language. In Cameroon alone, a mix of Muslims, Christians, and adherents of local religions speak over two hundred languages and belong to roughly two hundred and fifty ethnic groups. instruction issues. What is the main language of Sub-Saharan Africa? The Culture of Africa South of the Sahara Standard 7.3.1 Describe the beliefs and lifestyles, including religion, language, arts, education and health care. It is one of the most linguistically rich areas in the world, with over 2,000 living languages and six of the top ten most linguistically diverse countries located in the region. While the majority of lexical differences between Spanish and Portuguese come from the influence of the Arabic language on Spanish vocabulary, most of the similarities and cognate words in the two languages have their origin in Latin, but several of these cognates differ, to a greater or lesser extent, in meaning. The nation-state is the marriage of the two ideas.”15. But the countries here share a history of foreign exploitation and thus a legacy of endemic poverty, corruption and stifled political development that often prevents them from capitalizing on their economic potential. )The widely-shared physical trait of very dark skin is the exception rather than the . The sub-Saharan African immigrant population in the United States is a small, but quickly growing, one. Your email address will not be published. What is a family of languages spoken primarily in sub Saharan Africa? Google Pixel 2 Leaked online all specification released , Samsung Galaxy A31 announced with quad-camera and 5000mAh battery, Google reportedly considered buying Epic during app store debacle. "This book argues for the need to empower African indigenous languages for greater functions in national life. This book is comprehensive study of the geopolitical, geolinguistic, and geostrategic challenges facing France and the French language in post-independence Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa. The oldest inscriptions appear about 3 centuries after these kingdoms were founded from the . The language factor is an essential condition in sub-Saharan Africa’s post-independence quest for a nation-state. Thus, one might infer that the Western notion of the nation-state, anchored on the idea of official monolingualism, makes little to no sense in the African context, fundamentally, because sub-Saharan Africa is multilingual, by and large. Blues and Burnout: How to keep happy and energised this exam season, How to see who someone recently followed on Instagram. With the reality that most African countries are essentially pluralistic in terms of language, culture and ethnic compositions, such official monolingualism opts for some kind of neutral or unifying language. Linguistic heterogeneity is further associated with poor economic performance, insufficient provision of public goods, higher levels of corruption, less social trust and a high probability of internal conflict. Politically, this era was marked by struggles for independence. Use it for writing poetry, composing lyrics for your song or coming up with rap verses. Delanty articulates it as such: “The state is the government and its institution; the nation is best described as some kind of grouping of people who identify with each other, be it for cultural, ethnic, linguistic, or historical reasons. A good example is the current situation in Ethiopia. 3 In 2015, 92.9% of U.S.-based sub-Saharan immigrants said they had a paying job, compared with 84.9% in Portugal, 83.7% in France and 80.3% in Italy. The most widely spoken languages of Africa, Swahili (100 million), Hausa (38 million), Yoruba (20 million), Amharic (20 million), Igbo (21 million), and Fula (13 million) all belong to the Niger-Congo family. These situations resulted in political unrest. Get Out. This compelled Ndhlovu to argue: Any African studies discourse that overlooks the role and place of language would be incomplete because language occupies an important position in any meaningful dialogue on African development and on Africa’s engagement with herself and with the wider international community.ii. Amharic is indigenous to Ethiopia, while Swahili is one of the languages of the Bantu people, a general term for people who speak Bantu languages and who are indigenous to various countries in the region. A digital platform called OBTranslate that aims to translate more than 2,000 African languages to enable rural dwellers to gain easy access to global markets has been launched.. The second explanation falls under the pragmatic need to promote one language that may serve all as the language of wider communication. the region of Africa to the south of the Sahara Desert. The contributions to this volume are accessibly written and will be of interest to students and established academics working on African sociolinguistics and discourse, as well as those whose interest is language, gender and sexuality. Many of the people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak more than one language because _____. 53 Part II 76-211 Koval, Antonina I., Victor Ja. … However, its use is concentrated in North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. A brief glance at divergent conceptualisations of multilingualism in sub-Saharan Africa may enrich the discussion of language, ethnicity and the nation-state nexus. Initial Language Planning in Sub-Saharan Africa" . "This edited collection provides unprecedented insight into the emerging field of multilingual education in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A continent comprising a fifth of the world's land area, once the central portion of earth's landmass, Africa was the area of origin for homo sapiens, the modern human, some 130,000-200,000 years ago.Below the vast desert that has come to serve as a cultural divide between sub-Saharan Africa and the largely Arabic regions edging the Mediterranean to the north, the African terrain . Found insideThis volume brings together two under-investigated areas of intonation typology. While tone languages make up to 70 percent of the worldâs languages, only few have been explored for intonation. In sub-Saharan Africa, language often appeared to be a "passport to ethnic origin, just as ethnic background was indexical of a language". What is the most popular language in Africa? English Teaching Assistant Programs are available to: The language-ethnic identity relationship discourse provides considerable insights into the link between language and culture. Your Favorite Mainland Sub-Saharan African Country (NOT S.Africa)?, Africa, 31 replies New York Forum Africa 2013: The ICC, judicial colonialism in Africa?, Africa, 0 replies Spanish Language in Africa, Africa, 18 replies Africa - Visit and Africa - Progressive/Safe, Africa, 11 replies Even in those countries that may constitutionally ban political mobilisation along ethnic divides, such as Kenya, the driving force behind political office is ethnolinguistic identity. Language is a “reliable criterion for ethnic identity and social identity, in its most general sense, is reflected in linguistic behavior”.10. IT WILL UNLOCK A WORLD YOU ONLY DREAMED OF. Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe (2006) The Inventions of African Identities and Languages: The Discursive and Developmental Implications. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. One can argue that the various ethnic groups lived autonomously to each other before the advent of colonialism. Ndhlovu, Finex (2008)Language and African Development: Theoretical Reflections on the Place of Languages in African Studies. Building stable national identities in the vast majority of post-colonial sub-Saharan African states is often a problematic task, mainly because of the language factor. In addition, Ethiopia institutionalised the intermingling of the two factors with a federal structure based on an ethnolinguistic formula – which, ipso facto, is likely to result in further divisions in the country. A continent comprising a fifth of the world's land area, once the central portion of earth's landmass, Africa was the area of origin for homo sapiens, the modern human, some 130,000-200,000 years ago.Below the vast desert that has come to serve as a cultural divide between sub-Saharan Africa and the largely Arabic regions edging the Mediterranean to the north, the African terrain . Language is an important factor of identity formation, and given the multilingual nature of Africa, political discourse related to ethnic and nation-state issues founded on the language factor is crucial to a holistic understanding of the situation. Abstract. The ethnolinguistic divide thus dominated the political landscape, to the detriment of meritocracy. In some instances, there were secessionist attempts – as was the case in Biafra, Nigeria, in the late 1960s, or the Antor secessionist scare in Ghana in the late 1950s. Some linguists indicate ambivalence on the issue of multilingualism, with the argument that the abundance of languages in Africa is attributed to be the cause of the continent’s predicaments, particularly in education and politics. One of its salient features is an elaborate noun class system with grammatical concord. This book gives an interdisciplinary perspective on how the language use is shaped by and evolves with human society and how in turn social activities are constructed by the way how language is organized and communicated. Badejo, Rotimi (1989) Multilingualism in Sub-Saharan Africa. Specifically, three language families are the subject of the following three sections. Photo: Ray in Manila, Contains spam, fake content or potential malware. Speakers of the same . The history of Spanish, and of Portuguese, starts with the Romans bringing Latin to the peninsula when they conquered it in the 3rd century BC. What is the main language of sub-Saharan Africa? The language scenario in sub-Saharan African countries. New political frontiers entered the ethnic divide and led to situations where inhabitants were subjected to being torn between their ethnic and linguistic allegiances and allegiances to the state. "LANGUAGE STANDARDISATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA" In Advances in language planning edited by Joshua A. Fishman, 369-390. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2011. Niger-Congo language family Speakers of the same language who belonged to the same ethnic group experienced solidarity and strong bonds in any situation of strife and happiness. Moreover, the presence of many languages is equated with economic backwardness, while the existence of a single language is associated with economic prosperity and political stability. Meroitic writing is the oldest-known written language of sub-Saharan Africa. There is a huge variety of ethnic groups, a multiplicity of languages, and religious affiliations. The East African Rift region is the presumed area of human origins. It is also notable that most Arabic speaking persons are of Islamic faith. The situation of offering little or no emphasis to various African languages with the intent to unify people by promoting a colonial language/s under the guise of neutrality experienced serious challenges, which remain. Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as Northern Africa, is home to a vast number of languages. Multilingual education is claimed to have many benefits, amongst which are that it can improve both content and language learning, especially for learners who may have low ability in the medium of instruction and are consequently struggling to learn. In this chapter we will discuss several of the other languages found in Africa. In the immediate aftermath of the colonial era, several sub-Saharan African countries saw the development of what can be referred to as “linguistic nationalism” as a way of contesting a state-directed effort of linguistic homogenisation. Sub-Saharan Africa has a wide variety of climate zones or biomes. Which of these is the dominant language group of Sub-Saharan Africa. Porkhomovsky, and Victor V. Vinogradov, "On Typological Approach to Sociolinguistic Problems in West Africa" 76 Scotton, Carol Myers, "Multilingualism in Lagos--What it . In most sub-Saharan African countries, politicians could simply win the votes of members of their ethnolinguistic groups, in spite of their professional incompetence. Sub-Saharan Africa. It reveals language as a necessary part of politics in every corner. This political modus operandi makes ethnolinguistic identity and politics inseparable. What is the family of languages found in sub-Saharan Africa? It has been seen that non-democratic language policies are linked to bloody conflicts and ethnic tensions. This work is unique in the depth of its linguistic insight over the entire spectrum of language structure and in the breadth of its language coverage. Language and learning in the . Second, it is used to maintain the hegemonic dominance of the language of the former colonial master – and, consequently, to avoid jeopardising the quasi-natural privilege of the “owners” of the language of power. With its countless ethnic groups, tribes, languages and nations, Sub-Saharan Africa is immeasurably diverse. What world religion is most common in Sub-Saharan Africa? SWAHILI 2. The ruling coalition itself, which has ruled the country for the past 28 years,14 is a formation of parties organised according to an ethnolinguistic arrangement. The ideology that promotes the import of such policies – that is, the official monolingualism policy – is basically Social Darwinist16 by a prior acceptance of the essential evolutionary difference that exists between human societies, with some being more advanced than others, and thus legitimises colonialism. Both verbs translate as “to be” and native English speakers find it really hard to know when to use which. Some controversial, others rejected. Sub-Saharan Africa roughly constitutes black Africa, whereas the indigenous populations of North Africa are the lighter-skinned Berbers (throughout the Maghreb) and Egyptians (in Egypt). In sub-Saharan Africa, language often appeared to be a “passport to ethnic origin, just as ethnic background was indexical of a language”.12 Since ethnicity and linguistic affinity overlap, they were also instrumental in strengthening the groups and in consolidating their defences against invasion by outsiders. Please confirm you want to block this member. All families except in sub-Saharan Africa, New Guinea, Australia, and the Andaman Islands. Foundational Literacy & Numeracy in sub-Saharan Africa, provides a practical roadmap for navigating language of . Each ethnic group had its own quasi-political and administrative structures, its particular language and, often, its own cultural values. Immigrants coming from the 51 sub-Saharan countries, including Nigeria, Ghana, Ethiopia, and Somalia, are diverse in their origins and socioeconomic . You’ll also need someone to talk to. In the 1960s and 70s, sub-Saharan Africa saw the blossoming of the ethnic revival movement. Put otherwise, the ideological presupposition is that modern statehood in Africa must be “de-Africanised” to match Western prescriptions. Internet penetration in Sub-Saharan Africa Despite the large number of speakers of several of these languages, most people lack access to computers and the Internet, with Internet use rates of 4% of the population for the region as a whole. In Nigeria, for example, some stereotypes were “the Ebiras as noisy, the Hausas as self-loving, domineering, careless, and hating European education; the Yorubas as gullible, unreliable, and betraying; the Idomas as promiscuous, and the Igbos as lovers of money and greedy”.13. The scramble for Africa introduced interesting dynamics in language, ethnicity and the nation-state nexus. 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