[64] In 2014, historian Ray Takeyh conclusively showed that the US-led coup attempt was unsuccessful, with the CIA writing to Eisenhower that "The move failed […] We now [...] probably have to snuggle up to Mosaddeq if we’re going to save [our influence in Iran];” the demonstrations that led to Mosaddeq's resignation took place some weeks after the Roosevelt-organized ones, and were composed of average citizens, not the thugs-for-hire that the CIA and MI6 had recruited. [135][136] The coup is widely believed to have significantly contributed to the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which deposed the "pro-Western" Shah and replaced the monarchy with an "anti-Western" Islamic republic. In 2009 Iran ranked fifth in car production growth after China, Taiwan, Romania and India. [13][page needed] After a vote of confidence from the National Front dominated Parliament, Mosaddegh was appointed prime minister of Iran by the Shah (replacing Hossein Ala, who had replaced Razmara). [148], Kinzer wrote that the 1953 coup d'état was the first time the United States used the CIA to overthrow a democratically elected, civil government. [40], The U.S. State Department not only rejected Britain's demand that it continue to be the primary beneficiary of Iranian oil reserves but "U.S. international oil interests were among the beneficiaries of the concessionary arrangements that followed nationalization. [23][24] It is dominated by oil and gas production, although over 40 industries are directly involved in the Tehran Stock Exchange, one of the best performing exchanges in the world over the past decade. [229] Iran has a large dam building industry. CIA gave Zahedi's government $5 million after the coup[18][page needed] with Zahedi himself receiving an extra million. Interests Section of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the United States, Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans, Organization of Iranian American Communities, United States and state-sponsored terrorism, Opposition to military action against Iran, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1953_Iranian_coup_d%27état&oldid=1008495601, History of the foreign relations of the United States, History of the United States (1945–1964), Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles needing additional references from August 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles lacking page references from August 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Articles with self-published sources from February 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Period of discontent among Iranians, climaxing in, "[Albright] medger USA:s roll i störtande av Mossadeq 1953, men ger ingen ursäkt." The government began to privatize the banking sector in 2001 when licenses were issued to two new privately owned banks. [275] Several organized tours from Germany, France and other European countries come to Iran annually to visit archaeological sites and monuments. [37] The budget for year 2012 was $462 billion, 9% less than 2011. [137], Iran had an estimated $110 billion in foreign reserves in 2011[138] and balances its external payments by pricing oil at approximately $75 per barrel. [37] Nevertheless, Reza Shah was also a very harsh ruler who did not tolerate dissent. Establishing a pattern he would hold to throughout his Presidency, he kept his distance and left no documents behind that could implicate the President in any projected coup. [296] 1,200 IT companies were registered in 2002, 200 in software development. [131]:88,105 Nevertheless, the Shah generally dealt with dissent in a relatively mild manner compared to most autocratic leaders. Ironically, this act would be one of many key factors in a chain of events leading to his desposition. Gasiorowski identified Cambodia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Iran, Laos, Nicaragua, Panama, the Philippines, South Korea, South Vietnam, and Taiwan as strong client states of the United States and identified those that were moderately important to the U.S. as Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Greece, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Jordan, Liberia, Pakistan, Paraguay, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, and Zaire. In August 1952, Iranian Prime Minister Mosaddegh invited an American oil executive to visit Iran and the Truman administration welcomed the invitation. It would be a coup carried out by seemingly legal means. [271], Although tourism declined significantly during the war with Iraq, it has subsequently recovered. [27]:12 In 1892 the Shah was forced to revoke a tobacco monopoly given to Major G. F. Talbot, following protests and a widespread tobacco boycott. [18][page needed] The Eisenhower administration viewed Operation Ajax as a success, with "immediate and far-reaching effect. They "pressed US for a decision" since they knew "the Truman administration was in its final weeks". According to Iranian officials, large-scale withdrawal by international companies represents an "opportunity" for domestic companies to replace them. Against the recommendation of the United States, Britain refused this proposal and began planning to undermine and overthrow the Iranian government. As of 2010, Iran also had the world's third largest number of bloggers (2010). [61][62], By the middle of the day, large crowds of regular citizens, armed with improvised weapons, took to the streets in mass demonstrations, and beat back the Tudeh party members. [115], Costly as the dispute over Iranian oil has been to all concerned, the affair may yet be proved worthwhile if lessons are learned from it: Underdeveloped countries with rich resources now have an object lesson in the heavy cost that must be paid by one of their number which goes berserk with fanatical nationalism. [52] Firmans (royal decrees) dismissing Mosaddegh and appointing General Fazlollah Zahedi (a loyalist who had helped Reza Shah reunify Iran decades earlier)[14][page needed] were drawn up by the coup plotters and signed by the Shah. [178] Iranians have little debt. Britain's empire was steadily weakening, and with an eye on international crises, the U.S. re-appraised its interests and the risks of being identified with British colonial interests. The economy of Iran is a mixed and transition economy with a large public sector. [38] Labor-force participation has risen[41] but unemployment is above 10% as of 2020 and projected to rise in 2021 and 2022. The biggest chainstores are state-owned Etka, Refah, Shahrvand and Hyperstar Market. [70] In 2013 the external debts stood at $7.2 billion down from $17.3 billion in 2012. [45], The National Iranian Oil Company suffered decreased production, because of Iranian inexperience and the AIOC's orders that British technicians not work with them, thus provoking the Abadan Crisis that was aggravated by the Royal Navy's blockading its export markets to pressure Iran to not nationalise its petroleum. [170] Agriculture contributes just 10% to GDP and employs 16% of the labor force. Other crops include barley, corn, cotton, sugar beets, tea, hemp, tobacco, fruits, potatoes, legumes (beans and lentils), vegetables, fodder plants (alfalfa and clover), almonds, walnuts and spices including cumin and sumac. [48]They hoped to fill the Majlis with deputies who would vote to depose Mosaddegh. Susan J. Campbell, Dearbhla McHenry (January 22, 2010): Management and Planning Organization of Iran, Iran's wealth is controlled by just 300 people, Economic activities of the Revolutionary Guard Corps, Financial & monetary institutions services, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, List of military equipment manufactured in Iran, International Institute for Strategic Studies, fuel smuggling with neighboring countries, target prices set in the subsidy reform plan, Domestic oil and gas along with hydroelectric power facilities, Iran Travel and Tourism Organization (ITTO), Ministry of Information & Communication Technology, could be substituted by domestically produced products, one third of Iran's imported goods and exports, the Organization for Investment, Economic and Technical Assistance of Iran (OIETAI), three decade-old US oil embargo against Iran, foreign exchange reserves frozen overseas, International Iranian Economic Association, Iran Chamber of Commerce Industries and Mines, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance (Iran), Ministry of Industries and Business (Iran), "The US, Israel, the Arab States and a Nuclear Iran. [13], According to a heavily redacted CIA document[75] released to the National Security Archive in response to a Freedom of Information request, "Available documents do not indicate who authorized CIA to begin planning the operation, but it almost certainly was President Eisenhower himself. Wilber "Clandestine Service History: Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, Nov. 1952–1953" [CIA] CS Historial Paper no. [37][page needed] On 21 March 1935, Reza Shah changed the name of the country from Persia to Iran. [5][79] The deposed Iranian leader, Mosaddegh, was taken to jail and Iranian General Fazlollah Zahedi named himself prime minister in the new, pro-western government. [312], Since 2003, Iran has increased investment in neighboring countries such as Iraq and Afghanistan. The Ayatollah Behbahani also used his influence to rally religious demonstrators against Mosaddegh. Energy subsidies left the country one of the world's least energy-efficient, with energy intensity three times the global average and 2.5 times higher than the Middle Eastern average. The experience gave him a lasting dislike for authoritarian rule and monarchy, and it helped make Mosaddegh a dedicated advocate of complete oil nationalization in Iran. Mosaddegh fled after a tank fired a single shell into his house, but he later turned himself in to the army's custody. [137] Iran's external and fiscal accounts reflect falling oil prices in FY 2012, but remain in surplus. Primitive farming methods, overworked and under-fertilized soil, poor seed and water scarcity are the principal obstacles to increased production. They capitalized on this sentiment in their plans. Oil sanctions on Iran to worsen global market: US. It billed the report as a secret history of the secret coup, and treated it as an invaluable substitute for the U.S. files that remain inaccessible. [37] In 2010 Iran completed its first nuclear power plant at Bushehr with Russian assistance. [37][46][47][48] However, in 2015, Iran and the P5+1 reached a deal on the nuclear program which removed most international sanctions. [45] Critics have complained that privatization has led not to state owned businesses being taken over by "skilled businesspeople" but by the powerful Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps "and its associates". [147], CIA staff historian David Robarge stated: "The CIA carried out [a] successful regime change operation. This faction then boycotted the 1953 referendum about the dissolution of parliament. Oil production rose in the late 1980s as pipelines were repaired and new Gulf fields exploited. The documentary Cinematograph aired on 18 August 2011 on the anniversary of the coup. ", "Blind subsidy system costing economy greatly", "Why Fuel Is Smuggled Out Of Iran And Why No One Stops It", "Preventing Iran's post-sanctions job crisis", "How the nuclear deal will help Iran's economy", "Iran's Neoliberal Austerity-Security Budget", "Iran's new budget to focus on privatization, subsidy reforms", "Iran Lures Investors Anticipating Nuclear Deal May End Sanctions", "Iran's bold economic reform – Economic jihad", "Where Did Iran's Islamic Economy Come From and Where Did it Go? "[108], Gasiorowski further states "the major U.S. oil companies were not interested in Iran at this time. By 2008, 73% of Iranians were covered by the voluntary national health insurance system. The Eisenhower administration considered changing its policy to support Mosaddegh, with undersecretary of state Walter Bedell Smith remarking on 17 August: "Whatever his faults, Mosaddegh had no love for the Russians and timely aid might enable him to keep Communism in check.