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Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography John Relly Beard Snippet view - 1971. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was a Mexican Catholic priest who called for a revolution against the Spanish on September 16, 1810. Toussaint established trade agreements with the British and the Americans, who supplied his forces with arms and goods in exchange for sugar and the promise not to invade Jamaica or the American South. Soon after, Jean-Jacques Dessalines switched sides again and commanded rebel forces against the French. Fearing defeat, the French National Convention acted to preserve its colonial rule and secure the loyalty of the black population. Ten years later, the biography was re-published and augmented to include L'Ouverture's 35-page translated autobiography--along with other documents and contributions by public officials--and was re-published in Boston. He also developed a deep devotion to the teachings of Catholicism. Treaties in 1798 and 1799 secured their complete withdrawal. This reconstituted edition was titled, Toussaint L’Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography. Following France’s decision to emancipate the slaves, Toussaint reversed his allegiance and joined forces with the French against Spain. Indira Gandhi was India's third prime minister, serving from 1966 until 1984, when her life ended in assassination. Legally freed in 1776, he married and had two sons. As a leader he inspired awe and adulation. Memoir of Toussaint Louverture, Written by Himself - Excerpt of John Relly Beard's book. 372 p., 2 ill. Boston: JAMES REDPATH, PUBLISHER, 221 WASHINGTON STREET. Though Toussaint was able to put up strong resistance for several months, eventually his coalition fell apart. Winning the favour of the plantation manager, he became a livestock handler, healer, coachman, and finally steward. Call number E7272 (Special Collections Library, Duke University) He was born as a slave child, but his father was once a free man. When France and Spain went to war in 1793, the Black commanders joined the Spaniards of Santo Domingo, the eastern two-thirds of Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He emancipated the slaves and negotiated for the French colony on Hispaniola, Saint-Domingue (later Haiti), to be governed, briefly, by Black former slaves as a French protectorate. His family was sold into slavery and sent to the Caribbean. In January 1801, his armies invaded Santo Domingo and took control with little effort. Recognized by his master for his abilities, he quickly rose to become the plantation’s chief steward. Biography of Toussaint Louverture, Haitian Revolution Leader. In a series of victories, Dessalines’ coalition of blacks and mulattos were successful in forcing the French to surrender and leave the island. After some devious maneuvers, Toussaint forced Sonthonax out in 1797. If you don’t have iTunes, download it for free. In 1794 France granted freedom and citizenship to all blacks in the Empire. Lucrative trade was begun with Britain and with the United States. Defying French Revolutionary laws, he allowed many émigré planters to return, and he used military discipline to force the former slaves to work. Even at this date was evident the black-mulatto rift which is one of the chief characteristics of Haitian history. His first mission was to attack Spanish-controlled Santa Domingo on the eastern side of the island. Toussaint Louverture, leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolution (1787–99). He introduced a constitution, which reiterated the abolition of slavery and declared himself Governor-General for Life, with nearly absolute powers. A formidable military leader, he turned the colony into a country governed by former black slaves as a nominal French protectorate and made himself ruler of the entire island of Hispaniola. Though he didn’t live to see it, Toussaint’s actions set in motion a series of global events that changed the geography of the western hemisphere and spelled the beginning of the end for European colonial domination in the Americas. Memoir of General Toussaint L’Ouverture. He was a fervent Roman Catholic, opposed to Vodou (Voodoo). Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, a terrorist French commissioner, allowed Toussaint to rule and made him governor-general. Toussaint’s victories in the north, together with mulatto successes in the south and British occupation of the coasts, brought the French close to disaster. By 1795 Toussaint Louverture was widely renowned. But the British troops remained determined to wreak havoc on France’s tenuous hold on Saint-Domingue. 597 of each group, and should then guide Toussaint through them all with his own motive, which was developed slowly, was frequently disturbed, and was never supreme ruler of events. The Haitian Revolution is the only successful slave revolt in modern history—at a time when most of the slave revolts ended in executions and failure, he led a revolution that culminated in the … After France, under Napoleon, reconquered Haiti, Toussaint Louverture was tricked into a meeting and arrested. The Treaty of Basel, in July 1795, ended the hostilities between France and Spain and the Spanish pulled out of Hispaniola. Toussaint Louverture - Toussaint Louverture - Command of Hispaniola: Controlling all Saint-Domingue, Toussaint turned to Spanish Santo Domingo, where slavery persisted. Frustrated by a rebellion he couldn’t control in Hispaniola, Napoleon Bonaparte decided not to expand his empire into North America and sold the Louisiana territory to the United States in 1803. Jean-Jacques Dessalines, an escaped slave, joined Toussaint and quickly became a close confident and able lieutenant. The couple had three children: Placide, Isaac and Saint-Jean. Collecting an army of his own, Toussaint trained his followers in the tactics of guerrilla warfare. There Toussaint was arrested and sent to Fort-de-Joux in the Jura Mountains of France. John R. Beard, D. D., Member of the Historico-Theological Society of Leipsic, etc." Questions and answers about Toussaint Louverture. Toussaint L'Ouverture (1743-1803) won international renown in the Haitian fight for independence. After hesitating a few weeks, he helped his former master escape and then joined the Black forces who were burning plantations and killing many Europeans and mulattoes (people of mixed African and European ancestry). There is, first, a group of colonists of the middle class, excited by the revolution of the mother country to hope for an improvement of He dressed simply and was abstemious and a vegetarian. It is believed his father was Gaou Guinou, the younger son of the king of Allada, a West African kingdom. Toussaint joined Georges Biassou’s rebels who had allied with the Spanish against France. Hoping to bring some stability back to Hispaniola, he set out to reestablish agriculture and improve the economic conditions. Ignoring commands to the contrary by Roume and by Napoleon Bonaparte, who had become first consul of France, Toussaint overran it in January 1801, freed the slaves, and amazed the Europeans and … Seeking an opportunity to harass the French, the British sent troops to put down the slave revolt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi’s father, was a leader of India’s nationalist movement and became India’s first prime minister after its independence.